Cishe ingxenye yamandla asetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke isetshenziswa amamotho, ngakho ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwezinjini kubizwa ngokuthi isilinganiso esisebenza kahle kakhulu sokuxazulula izinkinga zamandla emhlabeni.
Ngokuvamile, ibhekisela ekuguqulweni kwamandla akhiqizwa amandla amanje agelezayo endaweni kazibuthe abe isenzo esijikelezayo, futhi ngomqondo obanzi, kuhlanganisa nesenzo somugqa.Ngokohlobo lwamandla kagesi ashayelwa yimoto, ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-DC motor kanye ne-AC motor.Ngokusho komgomo wokujikeleza kwemoto, ingahlukaniswa cishe ngezigaba ezilandelayo.(ngaphandle kwezinjini ezikhethekile)
I-AC AC motor Brushed motor: Injini ebhulashwayo esetshenziswa kakhulu ngokuvamile ibizwa nge-DC motor.I-electrode ebizwa ngokuthi “ibhulashi” (i-stator side) kanye “ne-commutator” (uhlangothi lwe-armature) kuthintwa ngokulandelanayo ukuze kushintshwe yamanje, ngaleyo ndlela yenze isenzo sokuzungezisa.I-Brushless DC motor: Ayidingi amabhulashi nabagibeli, kodwa isebenzisa imisebenzi yokushintsha njengama-transistors ukuze ishintshe yamanje futhi yenze ukuzungezisa.I-Stepper motor: Le moto isebenza ngokuhambisana namandla e-pulse, ngakho-ke ibizwa nangokuthi i-pulse motor.Isici sayo ukuthi ingabona kalula ukusebenza kokuma okunembile.I-Asynchronous motor: I-alternating current yenza i-stator ikhiqize insimu yamagnetic ejikelezayo, okwenza i-rotor ikhiqize yamanje eyenziwe futhi ijikeleze ngaphansi kokuxhumana kwayo.I-AC (i-alternating current) motor I-synchronous motor: ukushintshana kwamanje kwakha insimu yamagnetic ezungezayo, futhi i-rotor enezigxobo kazibuthe izungeza ngenxa yokukhangwa.Izinga lokuzungezisa livunyelaniswa nemvamisa yamandla.
Ensimini yamanje, kazibuthe namandla Okokuqala, ukuze kube lula le ncazelo elandelayo yomgomo wemoto, ake sibuyekeze imithetho/imithetho eyisisekelo mayelana namandla amanje, kazibuthe namandla.Nakuba kunomuzwa we-nostalgia, kulula ukukhohlwa lolu lwazi uma ungasebenzisi izingxenye kazibuthe njalo.
Ishintsha kanjani injini?1) injini ijikeleza ngosizo lwamagnethi namandla kazibuthe.Uzungeze uzibuthe unomphela onomugqa ojikelezayo, ① zungezisa uzibuthe (ukukhiqiza inkambu kazibuthe ezungezayo), ② ngokuya ngesimiso sokuthi izigxobo ezihlukene zesigxobo esingu-N nesigxobo sika-S ziyaheha nezinga elifanayo lixosha, ③ uzibuthe nge I-shaft ejikelezayo izojikeleza.
Ukugeleza kwamanje ocingweni kubangela insimu yamagnetic ejikelezayo (amandla kazibuthe) ayizungezile, ukuze uzibuthe ajikeleze, okuyisimo sesenzo esifanayo nalesi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ucingo lufakwa ikhoyili, amandla kazibuthe ahlanganiswa, enze i-flux magnetic field (i-magnetic flux), okuholela ku-N-pole kanye ne-S-pole.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokufaka umongo wensimbi ku-conductor omise okwekhoyili, imigqa yamagnetic field iba lula ukudlula futhi ingakhiqiza amandla anamandla kazibuthe.2) Injini yangempela ejikelezayo Lapha, njengendlela esebenzayo yokuzungeza umshini kagesi, indlela yokukhiqiza insimu yamagnetic ezungezayo ngokusebenzisa i-AC yezigaba ezintathu kanye nekhoyili yethulwa.(Izigaba ezintathu ze-AC iyisignali ye-AC enesigaba sokuphumula esingu-120.) Amakhoyili alinxeba azungeze umgogodla wensimbi ahlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu, futhi amakhoyili esigaba u-U, amakhoyili esigaba V kanye namakhoyili esigaba W ahlelwa ngezikhawu 120. Amakhoyili anamandla kagesi aphezulu akhiqiza izigxobo ze-N, kanti amakhoyili ane-voltage ephansi akhiqiza izigxobo zika-S.Isigaba ngasinye siyashintsha ngokuya nge-sine wave, ngakho-ke i-polarity (i-N pole, i-S pole) ekhiqizwa ikhoyili ngayinye kanye nenkundla yayo kazibuthe (amandla kazibuthe) izoshintsha.Ngalesi sikhathi, vele ubheke amakhoyili akhiqiza izigxobo ze-N, futhi uwashintshe ngokulandelana kwekhoyili ye-U-phase → ikhoyili yesigaba se-V → ikhoyili yesigaba se-W → ikhoyili yesigaba U, ngaleyo ndlela iyazungeza.Ukwakheka kwemoto encane Isibalo esilandelayo sibonisa ukwakheka okujwayelekile nokuqhathaniswa kwenjini yokunyathela, motor brushed DC kanye brushless DC motor.Izingxenye eziyisisekelo zalawa ma-motor ikakhulukazi amakhoyili, odonsa kanye nama-rotor.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yezinhlobo ezahlukene, zihlukaniswe zibe uhlobo lwekhoyili olungaguquki kanye nohlobo olumisiwe lwamagnetic.
Lapha, uzibuthe we-brush DC motor ugxilile ngaphandle, futhi ikhoyili ijikeleza ngaphakathi.Ibhulashi kanye ne-commutator banomthwalo wemfanelo wokunikeza amandla kukhoyili kanye nokushintsha isiqondiso samanje.Lapha, ikhoyili ye-brushless motor igxilile ngaphandle futhi uzibuthe uzungeza ngaphakathi.Ngenxa yezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-motor, izakhiwo zawo zihlukile ngisho noma izingxenye eziyisisekelo zifana.Kuzochazwa ngokuningiliziwe engxenyeni ngayinye.I-brushed motor Ukwakheka kwe-brush motor Okulandelayo ukubukeka kwe-brush motor motor ye-DC evame ukusetshenziswa kumodeli, kanye nomdwebo weskimu oqhumile wezigxobo ezimbili ezijwayelekile (ozibuthe ababili) ezine-slot ezintathu (amakhoyili amathathu).Mhlawumbe abantu abaningi banesipiliyoni sokuqaqa injini nokukhipha uzibuthe.Kungabonakala ukuthi uzibuthe unomphela we-brush DC motor ugxilile, futhi ikhoyili ye-brush DC motor ingazungeza isikhungo sangaphakathi.Uhlangothi olungaguquki lubizwa ngokuthi "stator" futhi uhlangothi olujikelezayo lubizwa ngokuthi "rotor".
Isimiso esijikelezayo senjini yebhulashi ① Zungezisa ngokuphambene newashi usuka esimweni sokuqala Ikhoyili A iphezulu, ixhuma amandla ebhulashi, bese uhlangothi lwesobunxele lube (+) bese uhlangothi lwesokudla lube (-).Umsinga omkhulu ugeleza usuka ebhulashini lesokunxele uye kukhoyili A nge-commutator.Lesi yisakhiwo lapho ingxenye engaphezulu (ngaphandle) yekhoyili A iba yi-S pole.Njengoba i-1/2 yamanje yekhoyili A igeleza isuka ebhulashini lesokunxele iye kukhoyili B kanye nekhoyili engu-C iye kolunye uhlangothi ukuya kukhoyili A, izinhlangothi zangaphandle zekhoyili B kanye nekhoyili C ziba izigxobo ezibuthakathaka zika-N (okuboniswa ngamagama amancane kancane umfanekiso).Amandla kazibuthe akhiqizwa kulawa makhoyili kanye nokunengwa nokukhanga kozibuthe kwenza amakhoyili ajikeleze ngokuphikisana newashi.② ukuzungeza okuqhubekayo okuphambene newashi.Okulandelayo, kucatshangwa ukuthi ibhulashi elilungile lixhumene nabagibeli ababili esimweni sokuthi ikhoyili A izungeza ngokuphambene newashi ngamadigri angu-30.Umsinga wekhoyili A ugeleza njalo usuka ebhulashini lesokunxele uya ebhulashini lesokudla, kanti uhlangothi lwangaphandle lwekhoyili lugcina isigxobo sika-S.Umsinga ofanayo nekhoyili A ugeleza kukhoyili B, kanti ingaphandle lekhoyili B iba yi-N-pole enamandla.Njengoba zombili iziphetho zekhoyili C zifinyezwa ngamabhulashi, akukho ukugeleza kwamanje futhi akukho mkhakha kazibuthe okhiqizwayo.Nakulokhu, izoba ngaphansi kwamandla okuphenduka okuphambene newashi.Ukusuka ku-③ ukuya ku-④, ikhoyili engenhla iqhubeka nokuthola amandla ahambela kwesokunxele, futhi ikhoyili engezansi iqhubeka nokuthola amandla aya kwesokudla, futhi iyaqhubeka nokuzungezisa ngokuphikisana newashi.Lapho ikhoyili iphenduka ibe ③ kanye ④ njalo ngamadigri angu-30, lapho ikhoyili ingaphezu kwe-eksisi evundlile emaphakathi, uhlangothi lwangaphandle lwekhoyili luba isigxobo esingu-S;Lapho ikhoyili itholakala ngezansi, iba N pole, futhi lokhu kunyakaza kuyaphindwa.Ngamanye amazwi, ikhoyili engenhla ingaphansi ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphansi kwamandla athuthela kwesokunxele, futhi ikhoyili engezansi ingaphansi kwamandla athuthela kwesokudla (zombili ngokuphambene newashi).Lokhu kubangela ukuthi i-rotor ihlale izungeza ngokuphambene newashi.Uma ukunikezwa kwamandla kuxhunywe kwelinye ibhulashi elingakwesokunxele (-) nebhulashi elingakwesokudla (+), inkambu kazibuthe enezikhombisi-ndlela eziphambene izokhiqizwa kukhoyili, ngakho-ke isiqondiso samandla asetshenziswe kukhoyili nayo iphambene, ijika ngokuhambisana newashi. .Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ukunikezwa kwamandla kunqanyulwa, i-rotor ye-brush motor izoyeka ukujikeleza ngoba ayikho insimu kazibuthe ukuyigcina ijikeleza.Isigaba sesithathu se-full-wave brushless motor Ukubukeka nokwakheka kwe-brushless motor enezigaba ezintathu
Umdwebo wesakhiwo sangaphakathi kanye nesekhethi efanayo yokuxhuma ikhoyili ye-brushless motor enezigaba ezintathu egcwele igagasi Okulandelayo umdwebo wesakhiwo sangaphakathi kanye nomdwebo wesekethe olinganayo wokuxhuma ikhoyili.Umdwebo wesakhiwo sangaphakathi uyisibonelo esilula se-2-pole (2 odonsa) 3-slot (3 amakhoyili) motor.Ifana nesakhiwo se-brush motor enenombolo efanayo yezigxobo nezikhala, kodwa uhlangothi lwekhoyili lugxilile futhi uzibuthe uyakwazi ukuzungezisa.Yiqiniso, alikho ibhulashi.Kulesi simo, ikhoyili ithatha indlela yokuxhuma i-Y, futhi isici se-semiconductor sisetshenziselwa ukuhlinzeka okwamanje ku-coil, futhi ukungena nokuphuma kwamanje kulawulwa ngokuvumelana nendawo kazibuthe ojikelezayo.Kulesi sibonelo, i-elementi yeHholo isetshenziselwa ukuthola indawo kazibuthe.I-elementi yeHholo ihlelwa phakathi kwamakhoyili, futhi ithola amandla kagesi akhiqiziwe ngokwamandla kazibuthe futhi iyisebenzise njengolwazi lokuma.Emfanekisweni wenjini yokuphotha ye-FDD enikezwe ngaphambili, kungabonakala futhi ukuthi kukhona ingxenye yeHholo (ngenhla kwekhoyili) phakathi kwekhoyili nekhoyili ukuze kubonakale indawo.Ingxenye yehholo iyinzwa kazibuthe eyaziwayo.Ubukhulu bensimu kazibuthe bungaguqulwa bube ubukhulu be-voltage, futhi isiqondiso senkundla kazibuthe singamelwa ngokuhle nokubi.
Isimiso esizungezayo sesigaba sesithathu se-full-wave brushless motor Okulandelayo, isimiso sokuzungezisa se-brushless motor sizochazwa ngokwezinyathelo ① ~ ⑥.Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okulula, uzibuthe ongunaphakade wenziwa lula ukusuka kusiyingi ukuya kunxande lapha.① Ekhoyili yezigaba ezintathu, vumela ikhoyili engu-1 imiswe endaweni eyi-12 ezimpondweni zewashi, ikhoyili engu-2 imiswe endaweni yesi-4 yewashi, futhi ikhoyili yesi-3 imiswe ku-8. indlela yewashi yehora.Vumela isigxobo sika-N sikazibuthe onezigxobo ezi-2 sibe kwesokunxele bese isigxobo sika-S sibe kwesokudla, futhi singaphenduka.I-Io yamanje igelezela kukhoyili 1 ukuze ikhiqize inkambu kazibuthe ye-S ngaphandle kwekhoyili.I-Io/2 yamanje igeleza isuka kukhoyili 2 kanye nekhoyili 3 ukuze ikhiqize insimu kazibuthe ye-N-pole ngaphandle kwekhoyili.Lapho izinkambu kazibuthe zekhoyili 2 kanye nekhoyili 3 kukhiqizwa i-vector-synthesized, inkambu kazibuthe ye-N-pole ikhiqizwa iye phansi, ewubukhulu obuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-0.5 kunozibuthe okhiqizwa lapho i-Io yamanje idlula ikhoyili eyodwa, futhi lapho yengezwa kukazibuthe. insimu yekhoyili 1, iba izikhathi ezingu-1.5.Lokhu kuzokhiqiza inkambu kazibuthe eyinhlanganisela ene-engeli engu-90 uma iqhathaniswa nozibuthe ongunaphakade, ngakho-ke i-torque ephezulu ingakhiqizwa futhi uzibuthe ongunaphakade uzungeza ngokwewashi.Lapho i-current ye-coil 2 incishisiwe futhi i-current ye-coil 3 inyuswa ngokuya ngendawo yokujikeleza, inkambu kazibuthe ewumphumela nayo izungeza ngokwewashi, futhi umazibuthe unomphela nawo uyaqhubeka nokujikeleza.② Uma izungeziswe ngamadigri angu-30, i-Io yamanje igelezela kukhoyili 1, ukuze i-current ku-coil 2 ibe nguziro, futhi i-Io yamanje igeleze iphuma kukhoyili 3. Uhlangothi olungaphandle lwekhoyili 1 luba isigxobo sika-S, futhi uhlangothi olungaphandle lwekhoyili 3 luba yi-N pole.Lapho ama-vector ehlanganiswa, inkambu kazibuthe ekhiqizwayo iyizikhathi ezingu-√3(≈1.72) ezikhiqizwa lapho i-Io yamanje idlula ikhoyili.Lokhu kuzophinde kukhiqize inkambu kazibuthe ewumphumela nge-engeli engu-90 ngokuphathelene nenkundla kazibuthe kazibuthe ongunaphakade, futhi izungezise ngokwewashi.Lapho i-Io yamanje yokungena kwekhoyili 1 incishiswa ngokuya ngesimo sokuzungezisa, amandla angenayo ekhoyili 2 ayanda ukusuka ku-zero, futhi ukuphuma kwamanje kwekhoyili 3 kukhushulwa ku-Io, inkambu kazibuthe ewumphumela nayo izungeza ngokwewashi, futhi uzibuthe unomphela uyaqhubeka nokujikeleza.Uma kucatshangwa ukuthi isigaba ngasinye samanje siyi-sinusoidal, inani lamanje lapha lithi io× isono (π 3) = io× √ 32. Ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-vector yenkundla kazibuthe, inani lendawo kazibuthe lithi (√ 32) 2× 2 = izikhathi ezingu-1.5 insimu kazibuthe ekhiqizwa ikhoyili.※.Lapho isigaba ngasinye samanje kuyigagasi le-sine, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uzibuthe unomphela ukuphi, ubukhulu bendawo kazibuthe eyinhlanganisela yevekhtha izikhathi ezingu-1.5 zenkundla kazibuthe ekhiqizwa ikhoyili, futhi indawo kazibuthe yakha i-engeli engu-90 degree maqondana insimu kazibuthe kazibuthe unomphela.③ Esimeni sokuqhubeka nokuzungezisa ngamadigri angu-30, i-Io/2 yamanje igelezela kukhoyili 1, i-Io/2 yamanje igelezela kukhoyili 2, futhi i-Io yamanje igeleza iphuma kukhoyili 3. Uhlangothi olungaphandle lwekhoyili 1 luba isigxobo sika-S. , uhlangothi olungaphandle lwekhoyili 2 luba isigxobo sika-S, futhi uhlangothi olungaphandle lwekhoyili 3 luba yi-N pole.Uma ama-vector ehlanganisiwe, inkambu kazibuthe ekhiqizwayo izikhathi ezingu-1.5 ezikhiqizwa lapho i-Io yamanje igeleza kukhoyili (okufana nokuthi ①).Lapha, inkambu kazibuthe yokwenziwa ene-engeli engama-degree angu-90 ngokuhlobene nenkundla kazibuthe kazibuthe ongunaphakade nayo izokhiqizwa futhi ijikelezwe ngokwewashi.④～⑥ Zungezisa ngendlela efanayo ① ~ ③.Ngale ndlela, uma i-current egeleza kukhoyili ishintshwa ngokuqhubekayo ngokuya ngokuma kukazibuthe unomphela, umazibuthe unomphela uzojikeleza ngendlela engaguquki.Ngokufanayo, uma i-current igeleza ibheke kolunye uhlangothi futhi inkambu kazibuthe ihlehliswa, izozungezisa ngokuphikisana newashi.Isibalo esilandelayo sibonisa ukusebenza kwekhoyili ngayinye esinyathelweni ngasinye ukusuka ku-① ukuya ku-⑥.Ngalesi singeniso esingenhla, kufanele sikwazi ukuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi koshintsho lwamanje nokuzungezisa.I-stepmotor Stepping motor iwuhlobo lwemoto ekwazi ukulawula i-engeli yokuzungeza nesivinini ngokuvumelanisa nangokunembile ngesignali ye-pulse.I-stepping motor ibizwa nangokuthi "i-pulse motor".I-stepping motor isetshenziswa kakhulu emishinini edinga ukubekwa ngoba ikwazi ukubona ukuma okunembile kuphela ngokulawula i-open-loop ngaphandle kokusebenzisa inzwa yendawo.Ukwakheka kwenjini yokunyathela (i-bipolar yezigaba ezimbili) Ezibonelweni zokubukeka, ukubonakala kwe-HB (hybrid) kanye ne-PM (umazibuthe waphakade) kunikezwa.Umdwebo wesakhiwo omaphakathi nawo ukhombisa ukwakheka kwe-HB ne-PM.I-Stepper motor iyisakhiwo esinekhoyili engashintshi kanye nozibuthe ozungezayo.Umdwebo womqondo wesakhiwo sangaphakathi semoto yokunyathela kwesokudla uyisibonelo se-PM motor esebenzisa amakhoyili ezigaba ezimbili (amaqembu amabili).Esibonelweni sesakhiwo esiyisisekelo senjini yokunyathela, ikhoyili ihlelwe ngaphandle kanti uzibuthe unomphela uhlelwa ngaphakathi.Ngaphezu kwezigaba ezimbili, kunezinhlobo eziningi zamakhoyili anezigaba ezintathu nezigaba ezinhlanu ezilinganayo.Amanye ama-steping motors anezinye izakhiwo ezihlukene, kodwa ukuze wethule izimiso zawo zokusebenza, leli phepha linikeza isakhiwo esiyisisekelo samamotho okunyathela.Ngalesi sihloko, ngithemba ukuqonda ukuthi injini yokunyathela ithatha isakhiwo sokulungisa ikhoyili kanye nokuzungezisa kazibuthe unomphela.Umgomo oyisisekelo wokusebenza wenjini yokunyathela (i-excitation yesigaba esisodwa) Lokhu okulandelayo kusebenzisa ukwethula umgomo oyisisekelo wokusebenza wenjini yokunyathela.① Okwamanje kugeleza kusuka ohlangothini lwesobunxele lwekhoyili 1 futhi kuphume ohlangothini lwesokudla lwekhoyili 1. Ungavumeli ukugeleza kwamanje kudlule ikhoyili 2. Ngalesi sikhathi, ingaphakathi lekhoyili 1 liba ngu-N, futhi ingaphakathi lekhoyili ikhoyili yesokudla 1 iba ngu-S. ukuze i-current igeleze isuka ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhoyili 2 futhi igeleze isuka ohlangothini olungezansi lwekhoyili 2. Uhlangothi lwangaphakathi lwekhoyili engenhla 2 luba ngu-N futhi uhlangothi lwangaphakathi lwekhoyili ephansi 2 luba S.. Imagnethi ehlala njalo ikhangwa amandla ayo kazibuthe futhi iyeke ukuzungeza u-90 ngokwewashi.③ Misa i-current ku-coil 2, ukuze i-current igeleze isuka ohlangothini lwesokudla lwekhoyili 1 futhi igeleze iphuma ohlangothini lwesobunxele lwekhoyili 1. Ingaphakathi lekhoyili kwesokunxele libe ngu-S, futhi ingaphakathi lekhoyili elingakwesokudla libe 1. iba N.. Umazibuthe unomphela ukhangwa inkambu yawo kazibuthe, futhi uzungeza ngokwewashi ukuze ame amanye ama-degree angu-90.④ Misa i-current ku-coil 1, ukuze i-current igeleze isuka ohlangothini olungezansi lwekhoyili 2 futhi igeleze isuka ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwekhoyili 2. Ingaphakathi lekhoyili elingenhla 2 liba ngu-S, futhi ingaphakathi lekhoyili ikhoyili ephansi engu-2 iba ngu-N. Umazibuthe unomphela ukhangwa insimu yawo kazibuthe, futhi izungeza ngokwewashi ukuze ime amanye ama-degree angu-90.Imoto yokunyathela ingazungeziswa ngokushintsha yamanje egeleza ikhoyili ngokulandelana okungenhla isuke ku-① iye ku-④ ngomjikelezo we-elekthronikhi.Kulesi sibonelo, isenzo sokushintsha ngasinye sizozungeza injini yokunyathela ngo-90. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho i-current igeleza ngokuqhubekayo ikhoyili ethile, ingagcina isimo sokuma futhi yenze injini yokunyathela ibe ne-torque yokubamba.Ngendlela, uma i-current egeleza ikhoyili ihlehliswa, i-stepper motor ingashintshwa ngokuphambene.
